middle ages

The new society has roots in:

• Classical heritage of Rome
• Beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church
• Customs of various Germanic Tribes

5th Century Germanic Invaders

• Overrun the western half of the Roman Empire causing:

1. Disruption of trade
2. Downfall of cities
3. Population shifts to rural areas

Effects of Invasion

Decline of Learning:

• Tribes had oral tradition, songs, but couldn’t read Greek or Latin
• Romance Languages evolve (French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian)
• Few besides priests were literate

Germanic Kingdoms emerge: AD 400-600

• Germanic warrior's loyalty is to the lord of the manor he provides them with food, weapons, treasure
• The result: no orderly government for large areas and small communities rule

Clovis rules the Franks

• Clovis rules the Germanic people of Gaul, known as the Franks (which is where "France" comes from)
• In 496 he has a battlefield conversion- he and 3000 of his warriors become Christians
• The church in Rome likes this
• By 511 the Franks are united into one Kingdom, with Clovis and the Church working as partners

Spread of Christianity

• In 520, Benedict writes rules for monks:

1. Vows of poverty (live simply in monasteries)
2. Chastity (no marital relations)
3. Obedience (listen to church superiors
4. His sister Scholastica writes similar rules for nuns
5. The operate schools, maintain libraries, and copy books

Pope Gregory and Papal Power Play

• Church revenues are used to help the poor, build roads, and raise armies.
• This is a theocracy- ruled by one dominant religion
• Gregory's spiritual kingdom (Christendom) extends from Italy to England, from Spain to Germany

Who's running Europe?

• Clovis' descendants include Charles Martel, known as Charles the Hammer
• Hammer defeats a Muslim raiding party from Spain at the Battle of Tours in 732
• If he hadn't won, western Europe could have become part of the Muslim Empire

How do you follow the Hammer

• Charles Martel's son is Pepin the Short
• Son #1 was Carolman- died in 771
• Son #2 was Charles, known as Charlemagne

Charlemagne- Charles the Great

• Six foot four
• Built the greatest empire since Rome
• Fought the Muslims in Spain
• Fought Germanic Tribes
• Spread Christianity
• Reunited Western Europe
• Became the most powerful king in western Europe
• Pope Leo III crowned him emperor in 800 AD after he defended him from an unruly Roman mob
• This signaled the joining of Germanic power, the Church, and the heritage of the Roman Empire

• Charlemagne's government

• He limited the authority of the nobles
• He regularly visited ever part of his kingdom
• Kept close eye on his huge estates

• Cultural revival

• Encouraged learning
• Ordered monasteries to open schools
• Opened a palace school

• But, his heirs were weenies

• His son- Louis the Pious- was ineffective
• Louis' three sons- Lathiar, Charles the Bald, and Louis the German- split up the kingdom at the Treaty of Verdun in 843 AD

notes

• Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the Roman Empire was reunited under Charlemagne's empire
• Charlemagne spreed Christian civilization throughout northern Europe, which is where many of us came from 

• Middle ages= medieval period
• 500- 1500 AD
• medieval Europe is fragmented 

A. Invasions trigger changes in Western Europe

• invasions and constant warfare spark new trends

a. Disruption of trade

• Europe's cities are no longer economic centers
• money is scarce

b. Downfall of cities

• cities are no longer economic centers

c. population shifts

• nobles retreat to the rural areas
• cities don't have strong leadership 

2. Decline of learning 

• Germanic invaders are illiterate, but they communicate through oral tradition
• only priests and church officials could read and write
• knowledge of Greek(and literature, science, philosophy) is almost lost

3. Loss of common language

• dialects develop in different regions
• by the 8005, French, Spanish, other Roman-based languages are evolving from Latin 

B. Germanic kingdoms emerge

•  the concept of government changes
• Roman society: loyal to public gov't

b. Germanic society: loyal to the family 

• Germanic chief led warriors
• during peace, he provided food, weapons, treasure, a place to live (the lord's hall)
• during wartime, warriors fought for the Lord

c. Franks live in the Roman province of Gaul- their leader is Clovis 

2. The franks under Clovis

• another battlefield conversion 
• Clovis and 3000 of his warriors are baptized by the bishop 
• the church in Rome approves of the "alliance" 
• Clovis and the church begin to work together

C. Germanic peoples adopt Christianity

• (Pope) Gregory 1 expands papal power
• Papacy= pope's office
• Secular power = worldly power
• Papal Power (power of the Pope) is political power presented from the Pope's palace

d. the church can now use church money to: 

• raise armies
• repair roads
• help the poor

e. Gregory the Great began to act as mayor of Rome, and as head of an earthly kingdom (Christendom) 

absence

i was not in class today because i was very sick, i will be taking the test in friday.

todays notes

Decline of the Roman Empire

AD 180: Rome has problems

• Economic (trade became risky; taxes were too high; food supply was dropping)
• Military (frontiers were hard to patrol; Roman generals fought for control; soldiers' loyalty declined and mercenaries appeared)
• Mercenaries- soldiers that work for money

Diocletian divided the empire into 2

• Greek-speaking East (had more resources)
• Latin-speaking West (Rome, tradition)

Decline Part 2

• AD 324- Constantine becomes emperor over both halves of the empire
• Moves the capital from Rome to byzantium (renamed Constantinople), where Asia met Europe (now Turkey)
• After his death, empire is divided again
• This time, "barbarian invaders" (Huns, Vandals, Visigoths, Angles, Saxons, Franks) overrun the empire's frontiers
• That's it for the Roman Empire (AD 476)

Diocletian

• Ruled from 284-303
• It's cool to persecute Christians
• Rome need a big army (400,000 strong)
• Rome needs a big government (20,000 officials)

Constantine

• Ruled from 306- 337
• It's cool to BE a Christian
• Conversion to Christianity

Via cross in the sky (conquer by this!)

• 313-His Edict of Milan proclaims freedom of worship
• Built a new capital in the East
• Byzantium, soon to be known as Constantinople

The struggle of peasants

Life in the fourth century

• Country dwellers are getting bankrupt by endless tax collection
• New farming system: peasants work for elite landlords on large farms
• Peasants can avoid paying taxes, but they are getting hit just as hard by landlords
• Paying off debts and being "allowed" to live on the land, in exchange for endless back- breaking work (such a deal!)
• Landowners hold local powers as counts and bishops, wielding more real power than the faraway empire
• Foreshadowing feudalism

The western Empire crumbles

• Rome's power is decreasing, while nomadic barbarians gain power
• Western Empire is too poor, begins to be neglected
• Huns migrate from China to east Europe
• Visigoths take over Spain, and actually capture and loot Roman itself in 410
• Vandals control Carthage and the western Mediterranean

Other Barbarian tribes:

• Ostrogoths in Italy
• Franks in Gaul
• Angles and Saxons in Britain

End of an Era

• From the beginnings…..
• 500 BC- the monarchy is abolished
• 450 BC- the 12 tables are established
• …through the glory days…
• 44 BC- end of the line for Julius Caesar
• 27 BC- 180 AD- the Roman Peace (Pax Romania)
• To the bitter end…
• Constant 5th century invasions by barbarian tribes left the western Roman Empire shattered and crumbling
• The last emperor was a teenage boy installed in 475 by his father
• Barbarians deposed Romulus Augustulus without bothering to kill him

notes

Rise of Christianity

• Jesus' followers believe he is the Messiah and Savior who has risen from the dead
• Saul (the persecutor) becomes Paul 9the evangelist), spreading Jesus's message.
• Christians and Jews were monotheistic (believing in one God)
• This conflicted with Roman beliefs
• Persecution against both was common
• Christianity appealed to the poor, and since there were many poor, their numbers grew
• As it grew, even some roman leaders embraced Christianity
• AD 313: Constantine has a battlefield conversion
• He issues the Edict of Milan
• Not only no persecution, but actual approval of Christianity, eventually making it official religion of Rome
• The Roman Empire and Christianity are now linked in power and influence

class notes

The word spreads about the risen Jesus

• Paul is instrumental in telling the world about Jesus' life, death, resurrection, and message
• He travels far and wide: Cyprus, Anatolia, Athens, Corinth, Macedonia, Rome, Jerusalem, and maybe even Spain and Britain
• He writes letters to many of those he spoke to- these epistles are part of the New Testament
• if not the efforts of Paul, it is likely that Jesus remains an obscure preacher, instead of the central figure of the world's largest religion

Caligula- good start

• in addition to being Germanicus' son, he was Tiberius' adopted grandson and great- nephew- putting him next in line for emperor
• he started of well: granting bonuses to those in the military, declaring treason trials a thing of the past, and made government spending a matter of public record
• all in all, the first seven months of Caligula's reign were "completely blissful" (according to the historian Philo) 

bad finish for Caligula 

• he began to fight with the Senate 
• he claimed to be  god, and had statues displayed in many places- including the Jewish temple in Jerusalem(sacrilege) 
• other examples of cruelty and insanity: he slept with other men's wives and bragged about it, indulged in to many spending and sex, and even tried to make his horse a consul and a priest (at least that's what the critics said)  
• assassinated by his own aids, AD 41 (pg. 28) 

Next in line: Claudius

• ostracized by his family because of his disabilities (limp, slight deafness, possible speech impediment- thought to be cerebral palsy or polio) he was the last adult male in his family when Caligula was killed
• he rose to the occasion: he conquered Britain; he built roads, canals, and aqueducts, he renovated the Circus Maximus
• Had an awful marriage to Messalina, who was quite often unfaithful to him, even plotting to seize power for her lover Silius through a coup- so Claudius had them killed 

Meanwhile- religious troubles

• Christianity and Judaism: monotheistic
• romans had many gods, plus at times the emperor was viewed as a god
• AD 66: a group of Jews called the Zeolots tried to rebel, but Roman troops put them down and burned their temple ( except for one wall)
• the western wall today is the holiest of all Jewish shrines
• half a million Jews died in the rebellion 

Persecution of Christians

• Romans were harsh toward those who would not worship the emperor
• especially Christians who were viewed as followers of a new, upstart religion (cult)
• often used for "entertainment" purposes in the Colosseum (thrown to the lions etc.)
• despite the opression, Christianity grew quickly- by AD 200 , around 10 percent of the people in the Roman empire were Christians 

rome notes

• 44 B.C. Caesar secured a vote from the senate making him dictator for life
• his death produced another crop of warlords and more bouts of civil war
• mark Antony and Octavian were the rival loyalists of Caesar
• they joined forces against Caesar's assassins
• Marcus Lepidus formed into a group with them and he was a lesser warlord
• they then divided the roman world 
• Octavian was based in Rome
• Lepidus was in north Africa
• and Mark Antony was sin Alexandria 
• in 31 B.C. the two halves of Rome's empire went to war
• the Roman version of Greco- Roman civilization prevailed in Western territories 
• LO1- the Rule of the Emperors
• princeps- a traditional name for prominent leaders who were considered indispensable to the Republic
• 27 B.C. Augustus was confirmed as commander
• After Augustus won supreme power, Greek city- states in Anatolia began building shrines and sacrificing to "Rome and Augustus 
• When Augustus died the Senate declared him a Devine Being like Julius Caesar
• Vespasian was known for cynical sense of humor
• Praetorian Gaurd- legion sized part of his army
• Augustus was convinced that if their peace and stability will last, the changes he made must continue after his death
• Domitian- was Vespasian's son was assassinated near the end of the first century 
• the philosopher- statesman was Marcus Aurelius
• he was also called the best of rulers, the cultured and energetic Hadrian, and the wise and dutiful Antoninus   

julius caesar

Julius Caesar 

• part of the patricians but was not very rich.
• teamed up with Pompeius, one of the richest men ever. 
• triumvirate- In Ancient Rome, an alliance of 3 politicians that enabled them to control the Republic's decision making. 
• Julius Caesar was in a triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus
• Rubicon- river, marks the northern most border of the Roman territories. 
• When Caesar got to the Rubicon he had a decision to either leave his men behind or come in with his thousands of men. 
• Caesar conquered Gual and even made forays into Britain and Germany
• Pompey defended the Senate and Caesar defeated him in Greece and murdered him in Egypt
• Caesar showed respect to the Senate but treated it as a mere advisory body
• Roman's applauded Caesar and his work, but some senators were disturbed. 
• Caesar came to the Senate's house, unarmed and unguarded and was stabbed 23 times in the stomach and killed.

presentations

todya in class was mostly food projects. everyones was very good but ava and claires cake and apples was my favorite. Will's pork was very good, i liked the spices. and taylor's apple cake was very good as well. cam, brad, and phil also went, i gave them a 95, because there presentation was really good, they explained the colosseum and its uses well, along with all roman architecture, but there model was not very good, the idea they went for was good, but i dont think it turned out like they wanted it to.

today in west civ. , i presented my project. i lost the paper for it but i found it and it is at home, everyone thought my Colosseum was amazing but my presentation wasn't. i had to leave class early for my game, so i didn't see anyone else's

punic wars (continued)

Roman Legion 

Legion- 5000 men

Century- 80 men

Infantry cavalry

Carthage controlled from Egypt all the way to Spain

3 Punic Wars: Rome vs. Carthage

1) Sicily

2) Hannibal

3)Sack Carthage

First Punic War the Romans won

Second Punic War the Romans war

Third Punic War the Romans won again!!!!!!!!

Cannibal was a very wise man: He went around up North then he went it back door to crush the Romans 

If Cannibal would have won the second war we wouldn't be taking the way we do and we would look different 

Cannibal had elephants and a lot of men

Carthage is in Afri

review

Today in class we went over notes. We talked about the stuff that is going to be on the test friday. I hope we get to use our blog again. this is the stuff I have in One note so far:

• The first people were Latinas to settle in Italy then the Etruscans and then the Greeks
• Rome was in the middle of the peninsula on the Tiber River
• They drained out the swamp and that let them build on the land
• Tarquin the proud- He didn't feel like he needed to listen to people, he was a king, the people of Rome threw him out, He was the king of Rome/Italy
• Res publica- Latinas for the people's business- where we got Republic from
• Republic- part democracy, part monarchy- 2 consuls, part aristocracy
• The US got there government off of Rome
• Rome has 300 Senates and the US has 100
• House of Representatives is like the democracy
• Plebeians- regular people, middle class/lower middle class
• Patricians- rich people, aristocrats, had money and land
• Slaves
• Tribunes were elected by plebeians to serve in the assembly
• The assembly was where the 12 tables were
• Aristocracy monarchy and democracy are the three governments in Rome
• Senates are elected by the aristocracy
• Assembly- place where plebeians were they elect people
• Senate only patricians
• Consul- is like being the president or king, there were two consuls
• US did government like the Romans did it
•   monarchy- consuls
• Democracy- assemblies
• Aristocracy- their senate
• If there is a huge  they would have a dictator take over for 6 months and the republic would be suspended it didn’t happen that often
• The dictator came from the council or assembly
• In the US the senate is the senate
• The councils are the president
• The assembly is like the house of rep. 

the punic war

1. by 250 b.c. all of Italy south of the River Po was in Roman hands
2. This brought Rome into a collision with a rival city-state beyond the sea: Carthage
3. About 700 b.c., Carthage had become an oligarchic and empire-building republic similar to Rome
4. it spread its influence across North America, southern Spain, Sardinia, Corsica, and Sicily

• The Punic wars were waged on land and sea in 3 vicious rounds between 264 and 146 b.c. 
• In the first phase of the struggle, Rome was able to force Carthage out of Sicily 
• In the second phase, the Carthaginian general Hannibal invaded Italy, defeated several Roman armies, and brought Rome to the brink of defeat
• the loyalty of the Romans' allies, the perseverance of their own forces, and their greater manpower, they were able to draw citizen and allied soldiers from all Italy while Carthage relied on smaller mercenary armies 
• at the end of Second Punic war in 202 b.c. Carthage was disarmed and helpless
• Rome provoked a third war in 146 b.c. 
• Carthage was captured after bitter fighting
• in an act of vengeance, the Senate ordered the city to be leveled, its people sold into slavery, and even the ground they stood on to be cursed
• in 202 b.c. Rome had won control  over the western Mediterranean

guided reading: The Romans Create a Republic

1. With nearby mountains they were able to supply the city with fresh mountain water through the famous aqueducts, and was close to the Mediterranean shore which allowed them to build a famously massive fleet.

2.Etruscan priests (haruspices) were asked to lay out the original city of Rome according to established Etruscan religious rituals. 

3. patricians (wealthy land owners who held the most power) and the plebeians

4.The twelve tables in the Roman law is very significant because they began to have set of rules and standards which they have to follow

5.The Gallic sack left very few marks on the city, In particular, archaeology has shown it was not burnt. Rome didn't regain control of Italy after the Gallic sack in 386, as she didn't have it before.

rome

3 main groups to settle in Rome:

• Latin's were the first people to settle in Rome
• Etruscans and Greeks
• River: Tiber river
• 7 hills so you can see your enemies coming
• They thought Rome was so perfectly located, they thought it was their destiny
• They drained part of the swampy area and stuff so they could build stuff on that part of the land
• They said lets change everything
• Diverting the flow of the river
• Tarquin the Proud was the last king that Rome/Italy ever knew
• They ran him out of town
• Res publica: the people's business
• They voted to elect people to represent them

Republic

1. Democracy
2. Monarchy
3. Aristocracy

2 consuls

• President is like a king
• The senate is worth a lot of dough(money)
• 100 senates in all 2 per state
• The senates are like the aristocracy from back then
•  Plebeians: The Roman common people including workers. small farmers, and wealthy people who were not Patricians.
• Patricians:  (Upper class citizens who belonged to the oldest and noblest of Roman families.)

project

Today in Western Civ, we found out that we will be doing a project on Rome. Thank God we got to pick our partners because I like working with partners who I chose. But I think for my group we might do some kind of cooking thing and possibly a drawing or painting. I am not really sure yet what we are exactly going to do, but me and my partner will figure it out. That is basically all we did. 

paragraph

In Roman Government under influence of Etruscans and the Greeks, the Romans acquired the skills to build their unique political institutions. First city- state was ruled by powerful kings, including actual Etruscan conquerors. The king was chosen buy a council of old men called the senate. He chose from thePatricians When the king died the Senate and Patricians dominated the city-state. Roman Republic underwent a long turbulent development under the influence of  social struggles between aristocrats and  commoners. Plebeians were the people who were like the people who didn't want to belong to a patrician family. Including the farmers, workers, and some wealthy citizens. In time of emergencies the consuls, on advise of the senate could appoint a dictator. The Republic developed a government system that both maintained the leadership of the Senate yet also admitted the plebeians to power.
The roman "mixed" government on account of its combination of oligarchic and democratic features was admired. Romans practiced to support of clients. They were normally less wealthy citizens, protected and paid by rich patron in return for personal services.
responsibility for maintaining the "peace of the gods" Rome`s good relationship with these and many other deities belonged to the pontiffs. 

test

Today we took a test. The test was harder then I thought it would be. It took me the whole class period to finish it. I am happy that we were able to use our blog because that helped me out a lot. The test was based on everything that we learned on the Greek paper, video, and the questions we answered.

review

Today in western civi we pretty much just reviewed for the test on Wednesday. We talked about some play that involves Oedipus. Its a play that is Oedipus`s da had a fortune read to him or whatever then he had to kill hi son but he couldn't and neither could his wife so they hired somebody to. Well they couldn't do it either so then she put the baby on a mountain top in exposure to die. Well somebody found the baby and took him 9in the along down the road he met his father and he didn't know it was his father and they got in a fight over something anyway he killed his dad and ended up marring and sleeping with his mother. People were so discussed so he stabbed his eyes so he wouldn't have to see the look of discuss on peoples faces. That was the main story we talked about. 

review

Mycenaeans, Minewans, Dorians. mycenaeans were the first followed by the Minewans, the Dorians followed, burning down building, and being angry.
NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Today in west civ we just went over and reviewed some material on the worksheet that went along with the video. Above is just a couple of things he told us to write down, there will probably be more below, but. we FINALLY have a test date, we are taking our test on greece on Wednesday. Im not to nervous about it but i feel like it will be a difficult test, im going to make flash cards with vocabulary, facts, etc. and im going to study them tonight, tomorrow, and wednesday morning! i dont have the worksheet completely done because i couldn't find it so i will probably make a copy of someones and fill in the answers
HUBRIS- means an arrogant way of saying you cant do anything wrong, you have nothing wrong against the gods

grading day...

well today in west civ, we watched mostly everyone's video and we, as a class, graded them. we gave our opinions on each person's video/storyboard and we yelled out the grade they deserved to get for it. my grade was in the mimd 80's because my video was TERRIFYING to people, i really wish i could have the chance to redo it for a better grade but i will go with the grade i get. in my opinion, ava and claire's video was the best to me! the music had a nice beat to it and i really liked how they organized there pictures by the different aspects of athens. i also liked how the pictures looked and the way it was formatted, it was nice. the class basically said that my video had more educational aspects, but it was just scary and i felt like it fitted a different project like if you had to make a video EXPLAINING sparta or athens sooo. but yeah that was west civ today, and it was actually a fun class today, thanks Mr. Schick!

substitue

today in western civilization Mr. Schick had to leave early to go to a championship, i think, and we had Mr. Del Puppo as a sub, he said that he had to do work and he said that we did to. so we just sat quietly and did our work while he did his work. i decided to finish the questions, which took forever. 40 multiple choice and 3 short answers is alot of work to do but i finished it and i feel like i did very well.

cyber day

 1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of Greece?

1. peninsula      b. many islands     c. mountainous                d. mostly fertile land

2. Approximately ___________ of Greece is covered by mountains.
1. 2/3                  b. 3/4                         c. 1/2                          d. 1/4

3. Define the term barbarian as it was originally used in the ancient world.

a.     The Greeks first used this term to describe those foreigners that they could not understand, but seemed to be saying "bar bar" when speaking.

b.     A group of people that is able to quickly adapt to the new environment in which they arrive despite speaking a foreign tongue.

c.      A group of people migrating into a territory where they do not speak the native tongue.

d.     A life based upon farming, warfare, and tribal organization.

e.     The word came from the Greek "barbaros," which originally meant "Non-Greek."

4.     What defines a megalithic structure?

a.     Homes that were constructed for people during the Neolithic period

b.     Fortifications constructed for people during the Neolithic period

c.      Massive rough-cut stones used to construct monuments and tombs

d.     Giant dinosaurs whose fossil remains were visible to ancient peoples

e.     Evidence of advanced technological tools

5.     What does the term tribe refer to?

a.      A social and political unit consisting of a group of communities held together by common interests, traditions, and real or mythical ties of kinship

b.      A family-based group governed by a hereditary chieftain

c.       A clan-based group prior to the advent of city-states in the Greek world

d.      A group of warriors, related by blood, who are governed by a king or queen

e.      All of these

6. Tribes were governed by
1. Warrior kings or queens                                        d.  all of these
2. Chieftains                                                                  e.  none of these
3. Tribal leaders chosen by warriors
7. Who were the first European barbarians to make contact with civilization?
1. Greeks                                                                       d.  Phoenicians
2. Hittites                                                                      e.  people of Asian Minor
3. Celts

8. Which of the following modern-day countries would NOT be considered a member of “Western civilization”?
1. Greece                                                                        d.  Italy
2. England                                                                     e.  United States
3. China

9. What is the name of the sea located just west of the Greek mainland?
1. Mediterranean Sea                                                  d.  Ionian Sea
2. Aegean Sea                                                                e.  Chesapeake Bay
3. Atlantic Ocean

10. What is the name of the sea located just east of the Greek mainland?
1. Mediterranean Sea                                                  d.  Ionian Sea
2. Aegean Sea                                                                e.  Chesapeake Bay
3. Atlantic Ocean

11. What were the major crops the Aegean people lived on?
1. Rice, vines, and olives
2. Potatoes, vines, and olives
3. Grain, vines, and olives
4. Onions, wheat, and beer
5. Corn, wheat, and rice

12. Which civilization arose on the island of Crete?
1. Mycenaean                                                                d.  Persian
2. Minoan                                                                      e.  Phoenician
3. Spartan

13. Which civilization established settlements along the Greek mainland’s southern shore and on some islands?
1. Mycenaean                                                                d.  Persian
2. Minoan                                                                      e.  Phoenician
3. Spartan 

14. Which civilization built massive walls to protect themselves from attack?
1. Mycenaean                                                                d.  Persian
2. Minoan                                                                      e.  Phoenician
3. Spartan

15. A period of Greek history in which the population dropped, ships no longer sailed, and writing fell out of use, is called the
1. First Persian War                                                    d.  Dark Ages
2. Megalithic Destruction                                          e.  none of these
3. Collapse of Crete

16. Following this time period, the Greeks joined which group as the leading commercial and seafaring nation of the Mediterranean?
1. Etruscans                                                                  d.  Persians
2. Egyptians                                                                   e.  Phoenicians
3. Hittites

17. In historical writing, the letter “c” might appear before a date, as in “c. 1500 BC.”  What does this “c” mean?
1. around                                                                       d.  all of these
2. about                                                                          e.  none of these
3. circa

18. By 600 BC, Greek city-states dotted the coastlines around the Mediterranean Sea.  These were called
1. colonies                                                                     d.  hoplites
2. demos                                                                                    e.  megaliths
3. Starbucks

19. Although they varied in size, ancient Greek city-states most closely resembled what modern-day geographical feature?
1. cities                                                                           d.  nations
2. counties                                                                     e.  continents
3. states

20.  This is a form of government in which a small group of citizens dominated, and the power of the majority was limited in various ways.
1. democracy                                                                 c.  oligarchy
2. monarchy                                                                  d.  tyranny

21. This is a form of government in which decisions were made by the majority of adult male citizens.
1. democracy                                                                 c.  oligarchy
2. monarchy                                                                  d.  tyranny 

22. This is a form of government in which a self-proclaimed dictator held power.
1. democracy                                                                 c.  oligarchy
2. monarchy                                                                  d.  tyranny

23. This is a form of government in which power is held by a single ruler, and is often passed along from father to son.
1. democracy                                                                 c.  oligarchy
2. monarchy                                                                  d.  tyranny

24. Spartans used this government system.
1. democracy                                                                 c.  oligarchy
2. monarchy                                                                  d.  tyranny

25. At what age did Spartan males begin their military training?
1. seven                                                                          d.  eighteen
2. twelve                                                                                    e.  twenty-one
3. fifteen

26. What was the wealthiest city-state in the ancient Greek world?
1. Athens                                                                       d.  Sparta
2. Thebes                                                                       e.  Argos
3. Corinth

27. This was the high fortified citadel and religious center of an ancient Greek town.
1. Parthenon                                                                 d.  helos
2. Pantheon                                                                  e.  polites
3. acropolis

28. This was the name of the southern peninsula where Sparta was located.
1. Anatolia                                                                     d.  Stonehenge
2. Mt. Olympus                                                             e.  Peloponnesus
3. Crete

29. These were massive fighting ships with three banks of oars, used to ram or board enemy ships.
1. phalanxes                                                                  d.  biremes
2. hoplites                                                                      e.  triremes
3. tyrants

30. This was a heavily armed and armored citizen-soldier of ancient Greece.
1. phalanx                                                                      d.  bireme
2. hoplite                                                                       e.  trireme
3. tyrant

  

Short answer.    

1. You recall the time period when the Greek population dropped, ships no longer sailed, and writing fell out of use.  What years did this period begin and end?

1100 - 750bc

 

2. During the time period when writing fell out of use, the poet Homer is said to have told stories of the Trojan War, and of a war hero attempting to return to his home.  What are the titles of these two stories?

The Iliad and Odyssey

3. The word “Mediterranean” originally meant

Levant

4. What were prominent and long-established Athenian land-owners called?